It may also be noted that some Indo-European consonant-shifts have taken place during different periods of time. For instance, there is the first Germanic consonant-shift and the second consonant-shift. As Pei-18-19 points out, it is because of the second consonant-shift (Gothic or Anglo-Saxon p, t, k, already shifted from earlier b, d, g further shifted respectively to pf, ff or f ; zz - later represented by z or ss -; and kh - later ch -) that modern English and modern German differ so strikingly even though they belong to the same Indo-European fold. Thus, considering the above noted linguistic factors and many such others which have affected the Indo-European root-words at different points in time and in different geographical areas of the world, the odds against scholars to arrive at a single Indo-European root-word the shape, form, and meaning of which even remotely resembles the shape, form, and meaning of a word in the supposedly isolated and unrelated Dravidian are forbidding if not astronomical. Each and every time the concerned scholars have arrived at such an Indo-European root-word it is not short of a miracle. In view of this not more than two or three dozens of Indo-European root-words in their genetic relationship with Dravidian seed-words are needed to prove Dravidian as the common source of Indo-European, because the fact is that the existence of those Dravidian seed-words in Indo-European also proves that there must be more of them in it because the vocabulary of the Dravidians who sowed them could not have been limited to those words alone. To this picture must be added the fact that, as we witnessed earlier, Dravidian, in spite of her great age still has the phonetic correspondences, her birthmarks, which she has bequeathed to her European languages.

2. al II = beyond, other (JS-5).

The Dravidian seed-word of this IE root is elo which denotes: the other, the other one (919-Ta). Further note that this root is entwined with other Dravidian seed-words such as ala which denotes: to measure, limit, define (295-Ta); ale = measure, to measure (Ka). This is clear by the fact that this IE root al II has given rise to such measuring terms as parallox, and JS-5 notes that distances across space are measured by parallox or by light years. In this regard, note that the related Dravidian words in the same group 295 denote many meanings related to measure. For instance, alavu = measure, extent, size, number (295-Ta); alavu = measure, measure of time, capacity (Ma); alate or alte = measure, extent, measurement (Ka); ala = to measure (Kod); alate = act of measuring (Kod); lavu = dimension, magnitude (Te); alavai = measure, bounds, limit (Ta). Inasmuch as measuring involves numbers and calculation, note also another DR. seed-word alaku = number, calculation (238-Ta).

In view of the fact that the same root has been incorporated in such terms as allopathy = medical treatment opposed to homeopathy; allograph = written by another, as opposed to autograph, it may be noted that this root al II in its employment as denoting the sense of negation or opposition also seeks relationship with the Dravidian seed-words such as all = is not that, not thus (234-Ma); al- = to be not so and so (Ta); ala.d = which is not so and so (Ko); allada = being not so or that (Ka); ala = certainly not, not a bit of it (Br). Also note that in the same group 234 the other Malayalam word allate denotes: else, otherwise (234-Ma), and that in Latin aliter connotes the sense: else, otherwise (Ltc-35-36).

3. al III = wander, go (JS-6-7).

The Dravidian seed-word of this IE root is the Kannada ale = to wander (240-Ka). Note also that in Kannada alaku = to move about (Ka); aleta = act of wandering (Ka). The root occurs in such IE words as ambulate, circumambulate, perambulator, amble, preamble hallucinate, etc.

Further, note the important fact that even though the above noted IE roots al I, al II, al III are reconstructed exactly alike but denote different meanings, Dravidian has illustrated her genetic relationship with them and enlightened some related subjects. The significance and implication of this can not be exaggerated.

4. amma = sound of suckling, baby talk (JS-7-8).